Rates of detection of prostate cancers vary widely across the world, with South and East Asia detecting less frequently than in Europe, and especially the United States. Prostate cancer tends to develop in men over the age of fifty and although it is one of the most prevalent types of cancer in men, many never have symptoms, undergo no therapy, and eventually die of other causes. This is because cancer of the prostate is, in most cases, slow-growing, symptom-free, and since men with the condition are older they often die of causes unrelated to the prostate cancer, such as heart/circulatory disease, pneumoniaPneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung. It is often characterized as including inflammation of the parenchyma of the lung (that is, the alveoli) and abnormal alveolar filling with fluid (consolidation and exudation)., other unconnected cancers, or old age. On the other hand, the more aggressive prostate cancers account for more cancer-related mortality than any other cancer except lung cancer. About two-thirds of cases are slow growing, the other third more aggressive and fast developing.

Many factors, including genetics and diet, have been implicated in the development of prostate cancer. The presence of prostate cancer may be indicated by symptoms, physical examination, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), or biopsy. The PSA test increases cancer detection but does not decrease mortality. Moreover, prostate test screening is controversial at the moment and may lead to unnecessary, even harmful, consequences in some patients. Nonetheless, suspected prostate cancer is typically confirmed by taking a biopsy of the prostate and examining it under a microscope. Further tests, such as CT scans and bone scans, may be performed to determine whether prostate cancer has spread.

Management strategies for prostate cancer should be guided the severity of the disease. Many low-risk tumors can be safely followed with active surveillance. Curative treatment generally involves surgery, various forms of radiation therapy, or, less commonly, cryosurgery, hormonal therapy and chemotherapy are generally reserved for cases of advanced disease (though hormonal therapy may be given with radiation in some cases).

The age and underlying health of the man, the extent of metastasis, appearance under the microscope, and response of the cancer to initial treatment are important in determining the outcome of the disease. The decision whether or not to treat localized prostate cancer (a tumor that is contained within the prostate) with curative intent is a patient trade-off between the expected beneficial and harmful effects in terms of patient survival and quality of life.

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Fibroids are the most common benign tumors in females and typically found during the middle and later reproductive years. While most fibroids are asymptomatic, they can grow and cause heavy and painful menstruation, painful sexual intercourse, and urinary frequency and urgency. Some fibroids may interfere with pregnancy although this appears to be very rare.

In the United States, symptoms caused by uterine fibroids are a very frequent indication for hysterectomy. Fibroids are often multiple and if the uterus contains too many leiomyomata to count, it is referred to as diffuse uterine leiomyomatosis. The malignant version of a fibroid is extremely uncommon and termed a leiomyosarcoma.

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Mucinous cystadenoma is a type of tumor in the cystadenoma grouping.

There are four major categories of ovarian tumors: 1. Epithelial tumors (65-75%) – serous or mucinous cystadenoma/carcinoma, clear cell carcinoma, Brenner tumor 2. Germ cell tumors (15%) – dysgerminoma, embryonal cell cancer, choriocarcinoma, teratoma 3. Sex-chord-stromal tumors (5-10%) – granulosa cell tumor, thecoma, fibroma 4. Metastatic tumors (10%) – uterine, stomach, colon, breast, lymphoma

These tumors are usually evaluated using ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI. Findings on imaging studies are nonspecific. These ovanian tumors are usually multi-septated, cystic masses with thin walls. They also contain varying amounts of solid tissue which consists of proliferating stromal tissue, papillae, or malignant tumor cells.

Mucinous cystadenomas are divided into three categories: benign, borderline, and malignant. Survival is largely dependent on the histology of the tumor, with a 10 year survival rate of 100% for benign tumors, 60% for borderline tumors, and only 34% for the malignant subtype. There is some difference in ages of the peak incidence for the different subtypes with considerable overlap as described below. In general, benign tumors tend to present earlier, while malignant tumors are often seen later in life.

Benign mucinous cystadenomas comprise 80% of mucinous ovarian tumors and 20-25% of benign ovarian tumors overall. The peak incidence occurs between 30-50 years of age. Benign tumors are bilateral in 5-10% of cases.

Borderline mucinous cystadenomas make up about 10% of mucinous ovarian neoplasms and are bilateral in 10% of cases.

Malignant mucinous cystadenoms are rare, and encompass 10% of mucinous ovarian tumors and 5-10% of primary malignant ovarian neoplasms overall. They are bilateral in 15-30% of cases and have a peak incidence between 40-70 years of age. It can present in the ovary.

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En el examen del lado palmar se encuntra área de cicatrización en el pliegue de la muñeca, por debajo del nivel del pronador cuadrado. El tejido cicatricial alcanza al nervio mediano afectando un segmento que pierde focalmente el patrón fascicular y en esta región mide hasta 21 a 22 mm2 de diámetro axial. Se realizan mediciones elípticas del nervio a nivel del túnel carpiano proximal (pisiforme-escafoides): 13.0 mm2 y en el túnel carpiano distal (ganchoso-trapecio): 15.0 mm2, compatible con síndrome del túnel carpiano. No hay retracción del tendón palmar largo adyacente. Referencias para túnel carpiano: Duncan et al: AJR Am J Roentgenol 1999; 173:681–684: área elíptica transversal del nervio mediano de 9 mm2 o más grande como indicativo de síndrome del túnel carpiano. Middleton el al: AJR Am J Roentgenol 1987;148:307–316): área elíptica de 9.8 mm2 en RMN. Wong et al: Radiology 2004; 232:93–99: In the right hand, with a cutoff of 0.09 cm2 at the level proximal to the tunnel inlet and 0.12 cm2 at the tunnel outlet, the sensitivity, specificity, and false-positive and false-negative rates were 94%, 65%, 12%, and 19%, respectively. In the left hand, with a cutoff of 0.10 cm2 at the level proximal to the tunnel inlet only, the sensitivity, specificity, and false-positive and false-negative rates were 83%, 73%, 15%, and 31%, respectively.

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This video picks up right where the Organic Chemistry Basics Part I video leaves off. We will finish learning the fundamentals of organic chemistry to give you a solid foundation for the rest of the course. Here we talk about VSEPR Theory and the 2 Main Bonding Theories (molecular orbital theory and orbital hybridization theory). Enjoy! Watch the entire video for free at… www.crackochem.com— Let CrackOChem be your personal Organic Chemistry video tutor. Each video lesson provides an easy, yet comprehensive approach made from the student perspective. We assume you have no prior knowledge in the field, and will guide you every step of the way. ——————————————————————————- About The Tutor Garrett is a Harvard graduate. While earning his doctorate from the Harvard School Of Dental Medicine, he was hired by the university to propose and develop educational videos to complement the curriculum. During this time he worked with instructors at the medical and dental school to produce video tutorials in the areas of neurobiology, cardiology, pharmacology, radiology and pre-clinical dental laboratory. However, Garrett’s love for tutoring and helping students be able to understand complex subjects in a simple manner began with organic chemistry. He was initially told by his family, friends and instructors that organic chemistry would be the worst class he would ever take in college. Fortunately, with a lot of sweat, a few tears …
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Starting organic chemistry, but don’t remember your general chemistry? No Problem! This is a great review of the key concepts from general chemistry that you need to know before starting organic chemistry. It also covers some of the beginning concepts in organic chemistry to give you the right start in this challenging subject. Watch the entire video for free at… www.crackochem.com— Let CrackOChem be your personal Organic Chemistry video tutor. Each video lesson provides an easy, yet comprehensive approach made from the student perspective. We assume you have no prior knowledge in the field, and will guide you every step of the way. ——————————————————————————- About The Tutor Garrett is a Harvard graduate. While earning his doctorate from the Harvard School Of Dental Medicine, he was hired by the university to propose and develop educational videos to complement the curriculum. During this time he worked with instructors at the medical and dental school to produce video tutorials in the areas of neurobiology, cardiology, pharmacology, radiology and pre-clinical dental laboratory. However, Garrett’s love for tutoring and helping students be able to understand complex subjects in a simple manner began with organic chemistry. He was initially told by his family, friends and instructors that organic chemistry would be the worst class he would ever take in college. Fortunately, with a lot of sweat, a few tears, and plenty …

Starting organic chemistry, but don’t remember your general chemistry? No Problem! This is a great review of the key concepts from general chemistry that you need to know before starting organic chemistry. It also covers some of the beginning concepts in organic chemistry to give you the right start in this challenging subject. Watch the entire video for free at… www.crackochem.com— Let CrackOChem be your personal Organic Chemistry video tutor. Each video lesson provides an easy, yet comprehensive approach made from the student perspective. We assume you have no prior knowledge in the field, and will guide you every step of the way. ——————————————————————————- About The Tutor Garrett is a Harvard graduate. While earning his doctorate from the Harvard School Of Dental Medicine, he was hired by the university to propose and develop educational videos to complement the curriculum. During this time he worked with instructors at the medical and dental school to produce video tutorials in the areas of neurobiology, cardiology, pharmacology, radiology and pre-clinical dental laboratory. However, Garrett’s love for tutoring and helping students be able to understand complex subjects in a simple manner began with organic chemistry. He was initially told by his family, friends and instructors that organic chemistry would be the worst class he would ever take in college. Fortunately, with a lot of sweat, a few tears, and plenty …
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This video picks up right where the General Chemistry Review video leaves off. After solidifying the key concepts from general chemistry, you’re ready to start learning the fundamentals of organic chemistry. Here we talk about sources of reactivity…how to figure out which atoms/compounds are going to react and why. This includes formal charge, partial charge, functional groups, and resonance. We also introduce the concept of moving electrons and the curved arrows we use to represent that movement. Enjoy! Watch the entire video for free at… www.crackochem.com— Let CrackOChem be your personal Organic Chemistry video tutor. Each video lesson provides an easy, yet comprehensive approach made from the student perspective. We assume you have no prior knowledge in the field, and will guide you every step of the way. ——————————————————————————- About The Tutor Garrett is a Harvard graduate. While earning his doctorate from the Harvard School Of Dental Medicine, he was hired by the university to propose and develop educational videos to complement the curriculum. During this time he worked with instructors at the medical and dental school to produce video tutorials in the areas of neurobiology, cardiology, pharmacology, radiology and pre-clinical dental laboratory. However, Garrett’s love for tutoring and helping students be able to understand complex subjects in a simple manner began with organic chemistry. He was …

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