X-ray
X-rays is a form of electromagnetic radiation.
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a congenital malformation (birth defect) of the diaphragm. The most common type of CDH is a Bochdalek hernia; other types include Morgagni’s hernia, diaphragm eventration and central tendon defects of the diaphragm. Malformation of the diaphragm allows the abdominal organs to push into the proper lung formation. Read more…
Number of View :538Categories: Chest Tags: Bochdalek, CDH, Congenital, diaphragmatic, hernia, Morgagni
Kidney stones
Kidney stones (ureterolithiasis) result from stones or renal calculi in the ureter. The stones are solid concretions or calculi (crystal aggregations) formed in the kidneys from dissolved urinary minerals. Nephrolithiasis refers to the condition of having kidney stones. Urolithiasis refers to the condition of having calculi in the urinary tract (which also includes the kidneys), which may form or pass into the urinary bladder. Ureterolithiasis is the condition of having a calculus in the ureter, the tube connecting the kidneys and the bladder. The term bladder stones usually applies to urolithiasis of the bladder in non-human animals such as dogs and cats.
Number of View :880
Duplicated ureter
Duplicated ureter is a congenital condition in which the ureteric bud, the embryological origin of the ureter, splits (or arises twice), resulting in two ureters draining a single kidney. It is the most common renal abnormality, occurring in approximately 1% of the population. The additional ureter may result in a ureterocele, or an ectopic ureter.
Number of View :556
Categories: Renal Tags: Duplicated, ureter
Bladder & Urethra
When empty, the bladder lies on the pelvic floor surrounded by extraperiotoneal fatty tissue, posterior to the pubic bones. As it fills, it ascends in the extraperitoneal fatty tissue and enters the greater pelvis, reaching as high as the level of the umbilicus when full. In males, it is situated anterior to the rectum and superior to the prostate gland. In females, it is anterior to the vagina and anteroinferior to the uterus.
The anterior portion of the bladder, the apex, is connected to the medial umbilical ligament (vestigal urachus). The superior surface is covered with peritoneum. There are two inferolateral surfaces, a base, and a neck.
The body of the bladder extends from the apex to the posterior end, the fundus. The ureters enter the bladder through the internal ureteric orifices at the posterolateral angles of the trigone, which is located at the posterior base of the bladder and extends inferiorly to its anteroinferior angle at the neck of the bladder and the internal urethral orifice.
Ureters
The ureters exit medially from the kidney at the renal hilum posterior to the renal vessels , then course inferomedially along the psoas major muscle and transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae. They cross the external iliac artery just distal to the bifurcation of the common iliac, then course along the lateral wall of the pelvis to empty into the posterior aspect of the urinary bladder at the bladder trigone.
Blood is supplied by the ureteral branches of renal and testicular or ovarian arteries, and abdominal aorta. Renal and testicular or ovarian veins supply venous drainage.
Gardner’s syndrome
Gardner’s syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by the presence of multiple polyps in the colon together with tumors outside the colon. The extracolonic tumors may include osteomas of the skull, thyroid cancer, epidermoid cysts, fibromas and sebaceous cysts. The countless polyps in the colon predispose to the development of colon cancer.
Basic Chest X-Ray Review
Basic Chest X-Ray Review
Chest X-ray Detailed Review: Introduction
Number of View :470
Categories: General Tags: Anatomy, radiological
Radiation Exposure Units of Measure
Radiation Exposure Units of Measure
Energy Absorbed from γ-rays and X-rays
Old SI Units Conversion
Radiation absorbed dose Rad Gray (Gy) 1 Gy = 100 rad
1 cGy = 1 rad
Roentgen equivalent mass Rem Sievert (Sv) 1 Sv = 100 rem
Average Annual Exposure = 360 mRem or 0.0036 Sv
Chest X-Ray = 5-10 mrem CT Scan = 5,000 mRem (0.05 Sv)
Activity for Radiation Emission of Radionuclides
Unit of Decay Ol Read more…
Number of View :440X-ray
X-ray
X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of electromagnetic radiation. X-rays have a wavelength in the range of 10 to 0.01 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz (30×1015Hz to 30×1018Hz) and energies in the range 120 eV to 120 keV. They are longer than gamma rays but shorter than UV rays. In many languages, X-radiation is called Röntgen radiation after one of its first investigators, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen.
X-rays are especially useful in the detection of pathology of the skeletal system, but are also useful for detecting some disease processes in soft tissue. Some notable examples are the very common chest X-ray, which can be used to identify lung diseases such as pneumonia, lung cancer or pulmonary edema, and the abdominal X-ray, which can detect ileus (blockage of the intestine), free air (from visceral perforations) and free fluid (in ascites). In some cases, the use of X-rays is debatable, such as gallstones (which are rarely radiopaque) or kidney stones (which are often visible, but not always). Also, traditional plain X-rays pose very little use in the imaging of soft tissues such as the brain or muscle. Imaging alternatives for soft tissues are computed axial tomography (CAT or CT scanning), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or ultrasound. Since 2005, X-rays are listed as a carcinogen by the U.S. government.[11] Radiotherapy, a curative medical intervention, now used almost exclusively for cancer, employs higher energies of radiation.
Free resourses
Radiology Handouts
Radiology Board Review Notes
Radiology DD Minerva Tests
Rennes Radiology Teaching Files
RSNA
Self -Study Modules for Variety of Modalities
Short Q & A on Clinical Radiology fm AJR
St Paul’s Hospital Radiology Department:Neat Cases
Teaching files by Organ Lecture notes
University of Alabama at Birmingham:Radiology Teaching
Tuberculosis Teaching Files
Omni All-Specialities Teaching materials
Musculoskeletal Reference Library
Radiology and BMJ
Categories: General Tags: X-radiation, x-ray, xray
